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CAS NO.75-12-7
| Formamide Basic information |
| Formamide Chemical Properties |
| mp | 2-3 °C(lit.) |
| bp | 210 °C(lit.) |
| density | 1.134 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| vapor density | 1.55 (vs air) |
| vapor pressure | 0.08 mm Hg ( 20 °C) |
| refractive index |
n |
| Fp | 310 °F |
| storage temp. | 2-8°C |
| solubility | H2O: 10 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless |
| form | liquid |
| color | clear, colorless |
| Water Solubility | miscible |
| Sensitive | Hygroscopic |
| Merck | 14,4237 |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 75-12-7(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Formamide(75-12-7) |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Formamide(75-12-7) |
| Safety Information |
| Hazard Codes | T |
| Risk Statements | 61-41-37/38-48/22-40 |
| Safety Statements | 53-45-36/37/39-26-23-36/37 |
| WGK Germany | 2 |
| RTECS | LQ0525000 |
| F | 10 |
| HS Code | 29241900 |
| HS Code | 29309070 |
| Hazardous Substances Data | 75-12-7(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| MSDS Information |
| Provider | Language |
|---|---|
| Formamide | English |
| SigmaAldrich | English |
| ACROS | English |
| ALFA | English |
| Formamide Usage And Synthesis |
| Chemical Properties |
It is colorless, odorless and oily liquid with slight ammonia-odor when containing impurities. It has hygroscopicity property. It has a relative molecular mass of 45.04. It has the relative density being 1.1334, the melting point being 2.55 ℃, the boiling point being 210.5 ℃, the refractive index being 1.4475, the flash point being 154 ℃ and the viscosity being 3.76mPa • s (20 ℃). It is insoluble in ether and chlorinated solvents, slightly soluble in benzene and is miscible with water, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, acetone, dioxane, ethylene glycol, phenol and low grade ester. This product can dissolve the casein but does not dissolve albumin. This product can dissolve casein, dextrose, corn protein, gelatin, glue, resin, starch, lignin, cellulose acetate, nylon, and some inorganic salts: the chloride compounds of copper, lead, zinc, tin, cobalt, iron, aluminum and nickel and also some kinds of sulfates and nitrates. At room temperature, formamide has a low hydrolysis rate. Raising the temperature or the addition of acid, alkali can all accelerate the hydrolysis rate. In the presence of a catalyst, being heated to less than 35 ℃ can decompose and release hydrogen cyanide. Formamide contains two active functional groups, namely the carbonyl and amide groups. It is easy to have chemical reaction to produce a lot of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound. Formamide can also react with a mineral acid to generate formic acid and ammonium salt. In the presence of a catalyst, it can react with organic halide or alcohol to form formic esters. This product can also react with β-diketone, β-imino ketone, aliphatic acyloin, arene acyloin as well as heterocyclic acyloin. It can also form complex with cobalt, copper and nickel salts. Formamide, in case of strong dehydrating agent such as phosphorus pentoxide, it can generate hydrogen cyanide. It can react with phosphorus pentasulfide to generate sulfur formamide. Formamide has strong corrosion effect on copper, brass, lead and rubber, therefore the storage and transportation should be paid attention. The main purposes: formamide can be used as the softener and solvent of animal glue and paper. It can also be used as the solvent of the spinning of the acrylonitrile copolymer, the polymerization of unsaturated amine polymerization and the production of pharmaceuticals as well as the solvent for extraction of grease and the dissolving items mentioned above. As intermediates, it can be applied the synthesis of imidazole, pyrimidine, 1, 3, 5-triazine, caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. Furthermore, it can also be used as the raw material of making dyes, spices, paints, adhesives, textile and paper treatment agent as well as the production of formic acid, dimethyl formamide and so on. The above information is edited by the chemicalbook of Dai Xiongfeng. |
| Acute toxicity | The LD50 for rat via stomach is 6.1g / kg and for mice is 3.15g / kg. Acute symptoms is characterized by the injury of the nervous system, accompanied with conjunctivitis and respiratory disorders, straight convulsions and the final death after 3 to 4 days. The threshold concentration for chronic inhalation effects was 6 ± 4mg / m3. For the maximum allowable concentration for operating environment: for United States, the value is 30 mg/m3 (20 ppm) while the value is 3 mg/m3 (vapor, absorbed through the skin) for Soviet Union. |
| Chemical Properties | It is transparent oily liquid with slight ammonia smell. It has hygroscopic property. It is miscible with water and ethanol, slightly soluble in benzene, chloroform and ether. |
| Chemical Properties | It is transparent oily liquid with slight ammonia smell. It has hygroscopic property. It is miscible with water and ethanol, slightly soluble in benzene, chloroform and ether. |
| Application |
It can be used as the raw material for synthesizing imidazole, pyrimidine, 1, 3, 5-triazine, caffeine as well as the solvents for making spinning of acrylonitrile copolymer and plastic anti-static coating, etc. Formamide has active reactive and special dissolving capability. It can be used as the raw material for organic synthesis, paper processing agents, softening agent of fiber industry and animal glue as well as being used as the analytical reagent for measuring the amino acid content of rice. In the field of organic synthesis, it has most application in medicine as well as a lot of applications in other fields such as pesticides, dyes, pigments, fragrances and additives. It is also a kind of excellent organic solvent and is mainly applied to the spinning of acrylonitrile copolymers and ion exchange resins and plastics antistatic coating or conductive coating. In addition, it can also be used for separating chlorosilane and purifying grease. Formamide can have various kinds of reactions, in addition to have its three hydrogen atoms participate in the reaction, can also be subject to dehydration, CO removal, the introduction of an amino group, an acyl group and cyclization reaction. Take cyclization as an example, diethyl malonate can have cyclization reaction with formamide to generate the intermediate of vitamin B4, the 4, 6-dihydroxypyrimidine. O-aminobenzoic acid can have cyclization reaction with formamide to generate the quinazolinone-4 which is the intermediate for the synthesis of antiarrhythmic drug phenantrolihne. 3--amino-4-ethoxycarbonyl-pyrazole can have cyclization reaction with formamide to generate the inhibitor of the xanthine oxidase, allopurinol. EDTA can have cyclization reaction with formamide to give anti-cancer drugs ethylenediamine. Methyl ethyl methoxymalonate can have cyclization reaction with formamide to generate the intermediate of sulfonamide drug, 5-methoxy-4, 6-dihydroxy pyrimidine disodium. It can be used as analytical reagents, solvents and softening agents as well as being used in organic synthesis. It can be applied to medicine and pesticide industry. |
| Production method | 1. One-Step method: the first step is through the reaction of carbon monoxide and methanol for generating methyl formate in the presence of sodium methoxide. The second step: the methyl formate is further subject to aminolysis for generation of formamide with the reaction conditions being 80-100 ℃ and 0.2-0.6 MPa. This method has relative problems. 2. The method of formic acid; the formic acid first has esterification reaction with methanol to generate methyl formate which undergoes aminolysis to generate formamide with the separation of methanol and impurities through distillation to obtain the final product. Owing to its high cost, this method has been gradually eliminated. 3. One Step method: this is via the reaction of carbon monoxide and ammonia for the direct synthesis of formamide in high pressure (10-30 MPa) and a temperature of 80-100 ℃ with the sodium methylate as the catalyst. 4. The formic acid and urea method. 5. The new method has sodium and ammonium salts for reaction to generate formamide at a certain temperature and pressure. This method has already applied domestic invention patent. |
| Category | Toxic substances. |
| Toxicity grading | Poisoning |
| Acute toxicity | Oral- rat LD50: 5577 mg / kg; Oral - Mouse LD50: 3150 mg/kg. |
| Irritation data | Eye-rabbit 100 mg severe. |
| Flammability and hazardous characteristics | Flammable with fire releasing toxic nitric oxide gas. |
| Storage properties | Warehouse: cold, ventilation, dry. |
| Extinguishing Media | Carbon dioxide, dry chemical powder. |
| Professional standards | TWA 15 mg / m³; STEL 45 mg / m3 |
| Chemical Properties | Clear, colorless liquid |
| Usage | Formamide destabilizes nucleic acid duplexes and may be used, typically, at a concentration of 50%, in hybridization protocols requiring lower hybridization temperatures. |
| General Description | A colorless liquid with a faint odor of ammonia. Denser than water. Freezing point 36°F. |
| Air & Water Reactions | Hygroscopic. Water soluble. |
| Reactivity Profile | Formamide is incompatible with strong oxidizers, acids and bases. Sensitive to light. Reacts with water very slowly at room temperature, but rate is accelerated by acids and bases at elevated temperatures. Incompatible with iodine, pyridine and sulfur trioxide. Reacts explosively with furfuryl alcohol, H2O2, Tl(NO3)3.H2O, nitromethane and P2O5. An effective solvent: dissolves casein, glucose, tannins, starch, lignin, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose acetate, nylon, the chlorides of copper, lead, zinc, tin, cobalt, iron, aluminum and nickel, the acetates of the alkali metals, some inorganic sulfates and nitrates. Attacks copper and brass . |
| Health Hazard | INHALATION: A moderate irritant to mucous membranes. EYES: Moderately irritating to the eyes. SKIN: A mild to moderate irritant to the skin. |
| Formamide Preparation Products And Raw materials |
| Formamide Basic information |
| Formamide Chemical Properties |
| mp | 2-3 °C(lit.) |
| bp | 210 °C(lit.) |
| density | 1.134 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| vapor density | 1.55 (vs air) |
| vapor pressure | 0.08 mm Hg ( 20 °C) |
| refractive index |
n |
| Fp | 310 °F |
| storage temp. | 2-8°C |
| solubility | H2O: 10 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless |
| form | liquid |
| color | clear, colorless |
| Water Solubility | miscible |
| Sensitive | Hygroscopic |
| Merck | 14,4237 |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 75-12-7(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Formamide(75-12-7) |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Formamide(75-12-7) |
| Safety Information |
| Hazard Codes | T |
| Risk Statements | 61-41-37/38-48/22-40 |
| Safety Statements | 53-45-36/37/39-26-23-36/37 |
| WGK Germany | 2 |
| RTECS | LQ0525000 |
| F | 10 |
| HS Code | 29241900 |
| HS Code | 29309070 |
| Hazardous Substances Data | 75-12-7(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| MSDS Information |
| Provider | Language |
|---|---|
| Formamide | English |
| SigmaAldrich | English |
| ACROS | English |
| ALFA | English |
| Formamide Usage And Synthesis |
| Chemical Properties |
It is colorless, odorless and oily liquid with slight ammonia-odor when containing impurities. It has hygroscopicity property. It has a relative molecular mass of 45.04. It has the relative density being 1.1334, the melting point being 2.55 ℃, the boiling point being 210.5 ℃, the refractive index being 1.4475, the flash point being 154 ℃ and the viscosity being 3.76mPa • s (20 ℃). It is insoluble in ether and chlorinated solvents, slightly soluble in benzene and is miscible with water, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, acetone, dioxane, ethylene glycol, phenol and low grade ester. This product can dissolve the casein but does not dissolve albumin. This product can dissolve casein, dextrose, corn protein, gelatin, glue, resin, starch, lignin, cellulose acetate, nylon, and some inorganic salts: the chloride compounds of copper, lead, zinc, tin, cobalt, iron, aluminum and nickel and also some kinds of sulfates and nitrates. At room temperature, formamide has a low hydrolysis rate. Raising the temperature or the addition of acid, alkali can all accelerate the hydrolysis rate. In the presence of a catalyst, being heated to less than 35 ℃ can decompose and release hydrogen cyanide. Formamide contains two active functional groups, namely the carbonyl and amide groups. It is easy to have chemical reaction to produce a lot of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound. Formamide can also react with a mineral acid to generate formic acid and ammonium salt. In the presence of a catalyst, it can react with organic halide or alcohol to form formic esters. This product can also react with β-diketone, β-imino ketone, aliphatic acyloin, arene acyloin as well as heterocyclic acyloin. It can also form complex with cobalt, copper and nickel salts. Formamide, in case of strong dehydrating agent such as phosphorus pentoxide, it can generate hydrogen cyanide. It can react with phosphorus pentasulfide to generate sulfur formamide. Formamide has strong corrosion effect on copper, brass, lead and rubber, therefore the storage and transportation should be paid attention. The main purposes: formamide can be used as the softener and solvent of animal glue and paper. It can also be used as the solvent of the spinning of the acrylonitrile copolymer, the polymerization of unsaturated amine polymerization and the production of pharmaceuticals as well as the solvent for extraction of grease and the dissolving items mentioned above. As intermediates, it can be applied the synthesis of imidazole, pyrimidine, 1, 3, 5-triazine, caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. Furthermore, it can also be used as the raw material of making dyes, spices, paints, adhesives, textile and paper treatment agent as well as the production of formic acid, dimethyl formamide and so on. The above information is edited by the chemicalbook of Dai Xiongfeng. |
| Acute toxicity | The LD50 for rat via stomach is 6.1g / kg and for mice is 3.15g / kg. Acute symptoms is characterized by the injury of the nervous system, accompanied with conjunctivitis and respiratory disorders, straight convulsions and the final death after 3 to 4 days. The threshold concentration for chronic inhalation effects was 6 ± 4mg / m3. For the maximum allowable concentration for operating environment: for United States, the value is 30 mg/m3 (20 ppm) while the value is 3 mg/m3 (vapor, absorbed through the skin) for Soviet Union. |
| Chemical Properties | It is transparent oily liquid with slight ammonia smell. It has hygroscopic property. It is miscible with water and ethanol, slightly soluble in benzene, chloroform and ether. |
| Chemical Properties | It is transparent oily liquid with slight ammonia smell. It has hygroscopic property. It is miscible with water and ethanol, slightly soluble in benzene, chloroform and ether. |
| Application |
It can be used as the raw material for synthesizing imidazole, pyrimidine, 1, 3, 5-triazine, caffeine as well as the solvents for making spinning of acrylonitrile copolymer and plastic anti-static coating, etc. Formamide has active reactive and special dissolving capability. It can be used as the raw material for organic synthesis, paper processing agents, softening agent of fiber industry and animal glue as well as being used as the analytical reagent for measuring the amino acid content of rice. In the field of organic synthesis, it has most application in medicine as well as a lot of applications in other fields such as pesticides, dyes, pigments, fragrances and additives. It is also a kind of excellent organic solvent and is mainly applied to the spinning of acrylonitrile copolymers and ion exchange resins and plastics antistatic coating or conductive coating. In addition, it can also be used for separating chlorosilane and purifying grease. Formamide can have various kinds of reactions, in addition to have its three hydrogen atoms participate in the reaction, can also be subject to dehydration, CO removal, the introduction of an amino group, an acyl group and cyclization reaction. Take cyclization as an example, diethyl malonate can have cyclization reaction with formamide to generate the intermediate of vitamin B4, the 4, 6-dihydroxypyrimidine. O-aminobenzoic acid can have cyclization reaction with formamide to generate the quinazolinone-4 which is the intermediate for the synthesis of antiarrhythmic drug phenantrolihne. 3--amino-4-ethoxycarbonyl-pyrazole can have cyclization reaction with formamide to generate the inhibitor of the xanthine oxidase, allopurinol. EDTA can have cyclization reaction with formamide to give anti-cancer drugs ethylenediamine. Methyl ethyl methoxymalonate can have cyclization reaction with formamide to generate the intermediate of sulfonamide drug, 5-methoxy-4, 6-dihydroxy pyrimidine disodium. It can be used as analytical reagents, solvents and softening agents as well as being used in organic synthesis. It can be applied to medicine and pesticide industry. |
| Production method | 1. One-Step method: the first step is through the reaction of carbon monoxide and methanol for generating methyl formate in the presence of sodium methoxide. The second step: the methyl formate is further subject to aminolysis for generation of formamide with the reaction conditions being 80-100 ℃ and 0.2-0.6 MPa. This method has relative problems. 2. The method of formic acid; the formic acid first has esterification reaction with methanol to generate methyl formate which undergoes aminolysis to generate formamide with the separation of methanol and impurities through distillation to obtain the final product. Owing to its high cost, this method has been gradually eliminated. 3. One Step method: this is via the reaction of carbon monoxide and ammonia for the direct synthesis of formamide in high pressure (10-30 MPa) and a temperature of 80-100 ℃ with the sodium methylate as the catalyst. 4. The formic acid and urea method. 5. The new method has sodium and ammonium salts for reaction to generate formamide at a certain temperature and pressure. This method has already applied domestic invention patent. |
| Category | Toxic substances. |
| Toxicity grading | Poisoning |
| Acute toxicity | Oral- rat LD50: 5577 mg / kg; Oral - Mouse LD50: 3150 mg/kg. |
| Irritation data | Eye-rabbit 100 mg severe. |
| Flammability and hazardous characteristics | Flammable with fire releasing toxic nitric oxide gas. |
| Storage properties | Warehouse: cold, ventilation, dry. |
| Extinguishing Media | Carbon dioxide, dry chemical powder. |
| Professional standards | TWA 15 mg / m³; STEL 45 mg / m3 |
| Chemical Properties | Clear, colorless liquid |
| Usage | Formamide destabilizes nucleic acid duplexes and may be used, typically, at a concentration of 50%, in hybridization protocols requiring lower hybridization temperatures. |
| General Description | A colorless liquid with a faint odor of ammonia. Denser than water. Freezing point 36°F. |
| Air & Water Reactions | Hygroscopic. Water soluble. |
| Reactivity Profile | Formamide is incompatible with strong oxidizers, acids and bases. Sensitive to light. Reacts with water very slowly at room temperature, but rate is accelerated by acids and bases at elevated temperatures. Incompatible with iodine, pyridine and sulfur trioxide. Reacts explosively with furfuryl alcohol, H2O2, Tl(NO3)3.H2O, nitromethane and P2O5. An effective solvent: dissolves casein, glucose, tannins, starch, lignin, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose acetate, nylon, the chlorides of copper, lead, zinc, tin, cobalt, iron, aluminum and nickel, the acetates of the alkali metals, some inorganic sulfates and nitrates. Attacks copper and brass . |
| Health Hazard | INHALATION: A moderate irritant to mucous membranes. EYES: Moderately irritating to the eyes. SKIN: A mild to moderate irritant to the skin. |
| Formamide Preparation Products And Raw materials |