Product information

Progesterone Basic information

Progesterone Test method Chemistry Uses Preparation

Product Name:	Progesterone
Synonyms:	PROGESTERONE-WATER SOLUBLE;progestin;PROGESTERONE;PRIMOLUT;17alpha-Hydroxy-6alpha-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione;17alpha-Progesterone;3,20-Pregnene-4;4-Pregnen-3,20-dion
CAS:	57-83-0
MF:	C21H30O2
MW:	314.46
EINECS:	200-350-6
Product Categories:	MI;FINISHED MEDICINE;Steroids;ketone;Biochemistry;Steroids (Others);Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmaceuticals;Intracellular receptor;Steroid and Hormone;API;ENDOMETRIN;Plant extract;Pharma material;Inhibitors
Mol File:	57-83-0.mol

Progesterone Chemical Properties

mp	128-132 °C(lit.)
alpha	186 º (c=1, ethanol)
refractive index	182 ° (C=2, Dioxane)
storage temp.	Store at RT
solubility	H2O: 25 mg/mL, may be clear to slightly hazy
form	powder
Water Solubility	<0.1 g/100 mL at 19 ºC
Merck	7773
Stability:	Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
CAS DataBase Reference	57-83-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference	Progesterone(57-83-0)
EPA Substance Registry System	Pregn-4-ene-3,20- dione(57-83-0)

Safety Information

Hazard Codes	Xn,T,F
Risk Statements	40-45-62-36-20/21/22-11
Safety Statements	36/37-45-53-16
WGK Germany	3
RTECS	TW0175000
Hazardous Substances Data	57-83-0(Hazardous Substances Data)

MSDS Information

Provider	Language
4-Pregnene-3,20-dione	English
SigmaAldrich	English
ACROS	English

Progesterone Usage And Synthesis

Progesterone	Progesterone is a hormone released by luteal cells in the ovaries which contains 21 Carbon Atoms. Progesterone is also a crucial metabolic intermediate in the production of other endogenous steroids. There are two crystal forms of progesterone, that are type-α and type-β, the two types have similar physiological activity. Type-α is precipitated from dilute ethanol as orthorhombic white prismatic crystal, while type-β is orthorhombic white needle crystal, they are both insoluble in water, but soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, chloroform, acetone, dioxane and concentrated sulfuric acid.  Progesterone can be released by the ovary, placenta and adrenal cortex. Its physiological function mainly manifests in promoting estrogen treated over thicken lining of the uterus to continue the development, proliferation and thickening and hypertrophy, soften and secretion of mucus in order to make good condition for implantation of the fertilized egg. After the implantation, early stage survival and development of fertilized egg is also under the control of the high progesterone release. As a result, progesterone is a very important hormone in the female reproductive system, and it is also an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. All steroid hormone releasable glands can produce progesterone, but only ovarian and placenta can release progesterone as the main hormone. Ovarian will release large amount of progesterone in the luteal phase after ovulation by granulose luteal cells, so progesterone is also named as progestin. Progesterone will decrease in result of corpus luteum atrophy. For normal women, placenta will becomes the main organ maintain progesterone after 8 to 9 weeks of pregnancy, accompany with the ovary releasing until the end of pregnancy. The main physiological effects of progesterone: 1. Progesterone can maintain the female animal pregnancy, and cause a series of physiological changes, such as inhibition of female estrus. 2. Progesterone has the power to promote the thickening of the lining of the uterus, promote the bending of the gland and to increase secretion function. 3. Progesterone can inhibit the peristalsis of the uterus, and contribute to the cervix contraction, secretion of mucus, etc.. These physiological changes provide suitable environment for the operation, growth and development of early embryos, as well as the continued growth of the fetus. 4. Small amount of progesterone is also used in combination with the hormone estrogen to promote female estrus. The synergy between progesterone and prolactin can promote the development of mammary glands. 5. Progesterone is involved in the feedback regulation of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, which makes the balance of the animal reproductive hormones. In vivo, progesterone content of all sorts of livestock follicular phase is below 1 ng / ml, while in bovine corpus luteum period is approximately 4 ng / ml, pregnancy period is about 18 ng / ml. The above information is edited by the Chemicalbook YangDongmei.
Test method	In the 40's, only chemical method can be used to monitor the excretion of pregnanediol which is the metabolism of progesterone in the urine of 24h, this could reflect the level of progesterone release.  Started from the 50's, progesterone levels in plasma could be determined not only by chemical methods, but also by biological methods and gas chromatography. At the end of the 60's, radionuclides and protein competition were developed to determine progesterone. In the 70's, the radiation immune assay and the radiation receptor method have appeared, which greatly improved the sensitivity and accuracy of the assay. When determination of progesterone in blood has been widely used, the determination of urinary progesterone has lost its importance. Normal value of follicular phase in urine was 1mg/24h, and in the corpus phase was 2-8mg/24h. Changes of progesterone levels in women of childbearing age can reflect the different stages of the menstrual cycle. For pregnant women, blood progesterone continued rising, which is not coincidence with the normal cycle. For the person of congenital 17α-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome, there is abnormal ratio of progesterone to 17α-Hydroxy progesterone, that is progesterone ascending while 17α-Hydroxy progesterone decreasing.
Chemistry	White powder.
Uses	Formerly biochemical study shows that progesterone modulates action as progestogens, clinical for the treatment of habitual abortion, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and other symptoms. One of progesterone's most important functions is as hormone drugs, to promote and maintain the uterine changes in the early stage of pregnancy, used in habitual abortion, irregular menstruation, etc.. In addition, progesterone also behaves as steroid hormone drug as well as progestogens, which is used in treatment of threatened abortion.
Preparation	Progesterone can be obtained by oxidation of the pregnenolone. Dry toluene was added to a oven dried reaction kettle, and then cyclohexanone and pregnenolone were added in order with vigorous stirring to dissolve. Side product H2O was removed by Soxhlet extraction with toluene steam, aluminium isopropoxidequickly was added flowingly, the oxidation reaction was hold on at 115 oC for 2h, cooling to 80 oC, add 5% dilute sulfuric acid under stirring then stand by until water and toluene separated, the toluene layer was extracted with water to neutrality and then distillation off toluene and cyclohexanone. Cooling, filtering, filter cake was beated with petroleum, filtering, washing with petroleum, dried as crude progesterone. The crude product was dissolved in ethanol, decolorized by activated carbon, recrystallized to get the final product, yield 80%. Another way to produce progesterone is choosing the 16-Dehydropregnenolone acetate as start material, treated consecutively by catalytic hydrogenation, alkali hydrolysis, oxidation by aluminum isopropoxide, to get the progesterone as final product.
Chemical Properties	Crystalline Powder
Usage	Sterid hormone produced by the corpus luteum. Induces maturation and secretory activity of the uterine endothelium; suppresses ovulation. Progesterone is implicated in the etiology of breast cancer
Usage	progestogen
Usage	Steroid hormone produced by the corpus luteum. Induces maturation and secretory activity of the uterine endothelium; suppresses ovulation. Progesterone is implicated in the etiology of breast cancer.
Usage	steroid hormone from Corpus luteum
General Description	White powder. Melting point 121°C. Stable in air. Insoluble in water. A female sex hormone. Low toxicity.
Air & Water Reactions	Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile	Progesterone is sensitive to light .
Health Hazard	ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: Progesterone may be absorbed through the skin.
Fire Hazard	Flash point data for Progesterone are not available; however, Progesterone is probably combustible.
Biological Activity	Endogenous progesterone receptor (PR) agonist (EC 50 = 0.5 nM).

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